印度“贱民”生存状况调查
http://news.xinhuanet.com/globe/2007-02 ... 782661.htm
佛教在印度的复兴
http://chinese.fwbo.org/fwbo/movement/Reviving.htm
印度贱民改宗为哪般?
http://www.hubce.edu.cn/jwc/jwc5/messages/15668.html
印度佛教贱民运动
-
惠慈
- Posts: 23
- Joined: 23-08-05 Tue 11:19 am
改宗到底能不能改变达利特(Dalit)不平等的社会地位?达利特人改变了信仰,社会上对达利特的种姓歧视现象不会因此而消除,高种姓人继续信仰印度教,他们仍然以另一种姓的眼光来看待达利特人。
表面上,佛教运动在印度复兴,有更多的人接受了信仰转化的仪式。然而,这些为了摆脱社会不平等地位而转入佛教的人,是否真的有把佛法贯彻到生活中去。又或者,这只是一种“转运”?他们心底是否还奉行着印度教的那一套?依然以“梵我合一”为目标?
在城市里,当大家已经忘了种姓制度时,政府却要把学生配上标签,会否反而加剧种姓矛盾?
在这个事件上,我们除了“知道”以外,还能做什么?
表面上,佛教运动在印度复兴,有更多的人接受了信仰转化的仪式。然而,这些为了摆脱社会不平等地位而转入佛教的人,是否真的有把佛法贯彻到生活中去。又或者,这只是一种“转运”?他们心底是否还奉行着印度教的那一套?依然以“梵我合一”为目标?
在城市里,当大家已经忘了种姓制度时,政府却要把学生配上标签,会否反而加剧种姓矛盾?
在这个事件上,我们除了“知道”以外,还能做什么?
-
upatissa
- Posts: 298
- Joined: 01-09-06 Fri 3:32 pm
惠慈 wrote:改宗到底能不能改变达利特(Dalit)不平等的社会地位?达利特人改变了信仰,社会上对达利特的种姓歧视现象不会因此而消除,高种姓人继续信仰印度教,他们仍然以另一种姓的眼光来看待达利特人。
表面上,佛教运动在印度复兴,有更多的人接受了信仰转化的仪式。然而,这些为了摆脱社会不平等地位而转入佛教的人,是否真的有把佛法贯彻到生活中去。又或者,这只是一种“转运”?他们心底是否还奉行着印度教的那一套?依然以“梵我合一”为目标?
呵呵,坦白说,他们如果有能力的话,也不会沦落到改宗佛教。这就是整体佛教看事物的观点,我们只会对这些没有受过良好教育的Dalit设立一个标准的佛教徒要求,而从来没有想过佛教可以为他们做什么??他们无法受教育,我们制造机会不可以吗?他们被歧视,没有尊严,我们给与肯定,鼓励,无畏精神不能吗?他们不了解佛法,全世界的佛教团体,难道没有一个有能力提供他们理解/体验佛法的机会吗?关于这些工作,世友先生做得很好,可以作为佛教徒对回应“人文关怀“的一种模范。没有埋厌,没有排斥,只有踏实的去帮助/奉献,在能力范围之内给与各方面的资助。佛教界需要的是更多的世友先生。。。
在城市里,当大家已经忘了种姓制度时,政府却要把学生配上标签,会否反而加剧种姓矛盾?
在这个事件上,我们除了“知道”以外,还能做什么?
-
upatissa
- Posts: 298
- Joined: 01-09-06 Fri 3:32 pm
马佛青论坛的edilson谈到佛教徒对于危机的处理,提出质疑
http://www.ybam.org.my/forum/viewtopic.php?p=1636#1636
对于这些没有受过良好教育的Dalit,估计大约有六百万是佛教徒,(~大马华人人口,占全世界佛教人口2% ), 对于这些政治,经济,教育,文化,社会的边缘人物;没有机会接受佛教良好教育的贱民,对佛教来讲会否也是一种危机?佛教如何回应?
划清界限?视之而不见,听之而不闻?批判?还是有更实际的社会/辅导/教育/宗教工作/服务?
http://www.ybam.org.my/forum/viewtopic.php?p=1636#1636
对于这些没有受过良好教育的Dalit,估计大约有六百万是佛教徒,(~大马华人人口,占全世界佛教人口2% ), 对于这些政治,经济,教育,文化,社会的边缘人物;没有机会接受佛教良好教育的贱民,对佛教来讲会否也是一种危机?佛教如何回应?
划清界限?视之而不见,听之而不闻?批判?还是有更实际的社会/辅导/教育/宗教工作/服务?
-
upatissa
- Posts: 298
- Joined: 01-09-06 Fri 3:32 pm
这是真的吗?城市里的高种姓已经忘了种姓制度?请看:惠慈 wrote:
在城市里,当大家已经忘了种姓制度时,政府却要把学生配上标签,会否反而加剧种姓矛盾?
住在肮脏贫民窟 活在社会最底层
采访印度贱民区
http://www.people.com.cn/GB/guoji/25/95 ... 27898.html
。。。。。
一名高种姓大学生说,尽管他反对种姓制度,但也决不会娶一个低种姓姑娘在日常生活中,种姓制度的观念也无处不在。记者常遇见这样的情况:给看门的再多钱,他也不会帮你扫地,因为这是贱民干的活;做清洁工的高种姓成员,清扫卫生时决不会帮你打扫卫生间;许多来自他乡且没有一技之长的高种姓成员,宁可在大街上乞讨也不会找工作,因为他们不能从事“下贱”的工作;即便主人在欧美受过现代教育,他也决不会雇一个来自贱民家庭的厨师,哪怕厨师的厨艺再好、薪水再低。当地曾有人仔细研究过媒体上刊登的征婚广告,尽管对对方的文化程度、外在条件、经济状况等要求各不相同,但是否属于“同一种姓”始终是一个最主要的先决条件。记者曾问过一个来自高种姓家庭的印度大学生,他说尽管他反对种姓制度,但未来结婚时,绝对不会找出身低种姓家庭的姑娘,因为他认为,来自低种姓家庭的人在思想上不会与他合拍,婚后肯定要闹别扭。
。。。。
种姓制度原本就是印度教教义的一部分,几千年的灌输,早已扎根在人们的思维之中。
。。。。
-
upatissa
- Posts: 298
- Joined: 01-09-06 Fri 3:32 pm
世友先生,
http://www.plm.org.hk/qikan/fayin/dharm ... 704f09.htm
世友也是英国人,毕业于伦敦大学。他为了学习瑜伽而来到僧护门下。安贝卡尔博士逝世后,僧护法师曾巡回印度各地弘法。1964年,他返回英国,在英国成立了“西方佛教团”(the Western Buddhist Order / WBO)。他所撰写的《安贝卡尔博士与佛教》一书,是目前有关安贝卡尔博士研究最有深度的著作之一。1977年,他在僧护法师的鼓励下,从英国到印度去瞻礼。他到那伽浦尔(龙城)的那天,正好是安贝卡尔博士皈依佛教21周年的纪念日。他应邀上台面对50万的群众说话,由于这个因缘,他决定投身于僧护的佛教教团发展活动。他回到伦敦处理完俗务后,旋即回到印度,再赴马哈拉斯特拉邦,几个月之后他组织了印度的TBM,亦即“三界佛教僧伽团”,这是西方佛教团(WBO)的一个分支。1978年8月,他在印度浦纳(Pune)——那是印度宗教学术之城——组织了“三界佛教僧伽之友”。由于他认为自己的出家身份不利于弘教,有一个时期,他脱下僧袍并娶了一个出身贱民的女子,仍然以“居士”的身份领导“三界佛教僧伽之友”的佛教运动。这个运动所遵循的是安贝卡尔的基本主张,以关注社会、穷人,提高社会弱势群体的地位与经济政治现状为任。他主张不仅在精神上关心信众,更要在社会救济与医疗帮助,实践佛教的慈悲精神;在弘扬佛法的同时,通过教育、出版、传禅等活动提高社会下层人民的素质;他还主张,社会的进步不仅是精神的更是经济的,因之,这个运动一直致力于穷人所居的社区内作补习教育、幼儿园、辅导进修的教育工作,并且进行职业培训,帮助民众开设简易工厂,增加就业机会。三界佛教僧伽之友”在印度各地,如孟买等设立技术培训班,教授主要是下层的妇女学习缝纫和一般护理技术等,同时也为她们提供日间的托儿所。世友本人带头到贫民窟中设幼儿园、建小学生的补习班。他从贫民窟中发现并培养的许多少年,已经有不少人成为了新佛教运动的主要骨干。“
世友在印度开展佛教复兴的经济资源,1989年以前,几乎完全依赖其师父僧护在英国募款。1985年,世友开始在东亚各地如台湾、香港和日本等地募集资金。1994年以后,世友在那伽浦尔还兴办了“龙树学院”。该学院的培养目标并不是佛教学术的研究人员,而是佛教运动的工作人员:例如培训贫民社区的幼儿师范,培养妇女工作干部,佛学交流的研究人员虽然有,但却不是他目前的重点。到1990年代末,这个新佛教运动已经发展到了约20多个城市和四五个农村修行中心,它的社会活动包括有一些日间看护中心、幼儿园、学龄儿童奇宿学校、母子健康培训中心等,还有一些成人扫盲班以及职业培训班。它所传播的地区主要在印度西南部的马哈拉斯特拉邦,另外有古吉拉特邦、北方邦和菩提伽耶等地。所有这些社会活动主要是为了帮助以前的不可接触者,现在社会地位最低的阶层过一种正命的生活,获得劳动技巧和生活能力。
upatissa: 当我们在谈佛教的人文关怀,我们关怀的对象与事物是谁/什么?关怀到哪一个程度?
想对世友先生在印度的 工作可以参考:
Trailokya Bauddha Mahasangha Sahayaka Gana
http://www.tbmsg.org/index1.html
世友先生:
当我第一次见到摩诃拉斯特省的新皈依佛教徒时,我感觉和他们非常投缘,非常接近,我想这是因为我身为西方人和他们一样都是“新”佛教徒。并非一生下来就有人教我们信佛,我们也不是迷迷糊糊就信佛的。我们有很明确的理由。信佛是因为我们发现佛法确实能帮助我们改变并改善生活。我们依照佛教所做的任何事──如持戒、静坐、读经、礼拜…等,对我们来说都必须有一个确实的效果,否则就没有必要去做。这也是安贝卡博和他的追随者的入门之法。当他们看到我们也以此方式教导他人时,他们非常赞成,他们觉得这就是他们一直期待寻求的方法。”
http://news2.fjnet.com/wy/mwgx/200304150040.htm
http://www.plm.org.hk/qikan/fayin/dharm ... 704f09.htm
世友也是英国人,毕业于伦敦大学。他为了学习瑜伽而来到僧护门下。安贝卡尔博士逝世后,僧护法师曾巡回印度各地弘法。1964年,他返回英国,在英国成立了“西方佛教团”(the Western Buddhist Order / WBO)。他所撰写的《安贝卡尔博士与佛教》一书,是目前有关安贝卡尔博士研究最有深度的著作之一。1977年,他在僧护法师的鼓励下,从英国到印度去瞻礼。他到那伽浦尔(龙城)的那天,正好是安贝卡尔博士皈依佛教21周年的纪念日。他应邀上台面对50万的群众说话,由于这个因缘,他决定投身于僧护的佛教教团发展活动。他回到伦敦处理完俗务后,旋即回到印度,再赴马哈拉斯特拉邦,几个月之后他组织了印度的TBM,亦即“三界佛教僧伽团”,这是西方佛教团(WBO)的一个分支。1978年8月,他在印度浦纳(Pune)——那是印度宗教学术之城——组织了“三界佛教僧伽之友”。由于他认为自己的出家身份不利于弘教,有一个时期,他脱下僧袍并娶了一个出身贱民的女子,仍然以“居士”的身份领导“三界佛教僧伽之友”的佛教运动。这个运动所遵循的是安贝卡尔的基本主张,以关注社会、穷人,提高社会弱势群体的地位与经济政治现状为任。他主张不仅在精神上关心信众,更要在社会救济与医疗帮助,实践佛教的慈悲精神;在弘扬佛法的同时,通过教育、出版、传禅等活动提高社会下层人民的素质;他还主张,社会的进步不仅是精神的更是经济的,因之,这个运动一直致力于穷人所居的社区内作补习教育、幼儿园、辅导进修的教育工作,并且进行职业培训,帮助民众开设简易工厂,增加就业机会。三界佛教僧伽之友”在印度各地,如孟买等设立技术培训班,教授主要是下层的妇女学习缝纫和一般护理技术等,同时也为她们提供日间的托儿所。世友本人带头到贫民窟中设幼儿园、建小学生的补习班。他从贫民窟中发现并培养的许多少年,已经有不少人成为了新佛教运动的主要骨干。“
世友在印度开展佛教复兴的经济资源,1989年以前,几乎完全依赖其师父僧护在英国募款。1985年,世友开始在东亚各地如台湾、香港和日本等地募集资金。1994年以后,世友在那伽浦尔还兴办了“龙树学院”。该学院的培养目标并不是佛教学术的研究人员,而是佛教运动的工作人员:例如培训贫民社区的幼儿师范,培养妇女工作干部,佛学交流的研究人员虽然有,但却不是他目前的重点。到1990年代末,这个新佛教运动已经发展到了约20多个城市和四五个农村修行中心,它的社会活动包括有一些日间看护中心、幼儿园、学龄儿童奇宿学校、母子健康培训中心等,还有一些成人扫盲班以及职业培训班。它所传播的地区主要在印度西南部的马哈拉斯特拉邦,另外有古吉拉特邦、北方邦和菩提伽耶等地。所有这些社会活动主要是为了帮助以前的不可接触者,现在社会地位最低的阶层过一种正命的生活,获得劳动技巧和生活能力。
upatissa: 当我们在谈佛教的人文关怀,我们关怀的对象与事物是谁/什么?关怀到哪一个程度?
想对世友先生在印度的 工作可以参考:
Trailokya Bauddha Mahasangha Sahayaka Gana
http://www.tbmsg.org/index1.html
世友先生:
当我第一次见到摩诃拉斯特省的新皈依佛教徒时,我感觉和他们非常投缘,非常接近,我想这是因为我身为西方人和他们一样都是“新”佛教徒。并非一生下来就有人教我们信佛,我们也不是迷迷糊糊就信佛的。我们有很明确的理由。信佛是因为我们发现佛法确实能帮助我们改变并改善生活。我们依照佛教所做的任何事──如持戒、静坐、读经、礼拜…等,对我们来说都必须有一个确实的效果,否则就没有必要去做。这也是安贝卡博和他的追随者的入门之法。当他们看到我们也以此方式教导他人时,他们非常赞成,他们觉得这就是他们一直期待寻求的方法。”
http://news2.fjnet.com/wy/mwgx/200304150040.htm
-
upatissa
- Posts: 298
- Joined: 01-09-06 Fri 3:32 pm
印度贱民为何讨厌甘地?
1. 甘地和安贝卡都是反对贱民制度,为了显示人人平等的精神,甘地和贱民一起同住。不过甘地认为应该保留四姓制度。他认为早期的阶级制度是和种族,肤色没有关系,是由职业来决定。就像现代上层,中层和下层社会是由职业决定,而不是肤色。他所指的应该就是古印度的Jati制度。安贝卡博士认为不打破四姓制度,就无法实践平等的社会,无法打破贱民制度。关心贱民,两人的出发点是一样,只是下药的处方不一样。
2. 1921年,甘地曾在一份学报(NavaJivan), 说过以下一段话 (注一)
-印度社会不能没有种姓制度,世界各国都有种姓原则
-禁止种姓间进餐和通婚有某些价值
-我不主张取消种姓制度的运动
3. 面对英国殖民地,甘地以为先优先解决政治课题,社会课题延后;相反的,安贝卡更关心的是社会课题。 甘地单纯的相信贱民课题可以通过改革印度教而解决;安贝卡认为贱民课题不只是宗教问题,也是政治问题,而且安贝卡认为印度教根深蒂固的文化/教义难以改变印度人民的贱民观念,贱民唯有退出印度教,从其它宗教寻找归宿,这才是彻底解决的方法。对于希望通过印度教来团结印度人的甘地来讲,安贝卡这种做法,当然遭到以甘地为主的印度教大力反对。 以现今的印度贱民情况来看,无疑的,安贝卡是对的,四姓制度是一种魔咒,魔咒不除,平等思想无期。
4. 在安贝卡眼中,甘地关心贱民是有政治目的和虚伪的,纯粹是为了争取印度独立。他指出,1932年前,甘地是轻视贱民的,甘地曾经发出禁止贱民进入印度寺庙的言论;只有在1932 的圆桌会议(Poona Pact of September 24, 1932)过后,他对于贱民的政策才大大改变。
5. 其实对于印度现有的贱民制度,甘地多少是有责任的。1933,甘地自身曾经发动绝食运动(差点致死),主要是因为当时被英国授权起草宪法的安贝卡博士,指明要在宪法中注明贱民有权力选择自己的领袖。也就是固定议席保留给贱民,只有贱民有权力竞选/投票这个议席。甘地坚决反对,绝食抗议,导致大规模印度教徒暴动,成千上万的贱民成为暴动的受害者,如果甘地因此而死,情势必然更严重。在种种压力之下,安贝卡不得不和甘地妥协。后来安贝卡病重临死前透露,这是他这辈子最遗憾的决定,如果他可以从来,必然坚持到底,那怕万民尊重的甘地因此而死。
参老:
1. 谢勇,浅析印度近代化进程中的种姓制度观,历史研究,2005 3:25
2. Dayal, SamirConstructing nation as family: Gandhi, Ambedkar, and postnationality , Socialist Review, 1999
(注一) :
"1. I believe that if Hindu Society has been able to stand it is because it is founded on the caste system.
" 2. The seeds of Swaraj are to be found in the caste system. Different castes are like different sections of military division. Each division is working for the good of the whole.
"3. A community which can create the caste system must be said to possess unique power of organisation.
"4. Caste has a ready made means for spreading primary education. Every caste can take the responsibility for the education of the children of the Caste. Caste has a political basis. It can work as an electorate for a representative body. Caste can perform judicial functions by electing persons to act as judges to decide disputes among members of the same caste. With castes it is easy to raise a defence force by requiring each caste to raise a brigade.
"5. I believe that interdining or intermarriage are not necessary for promoting national unity. That dining together creates friendship is contrary to experience. If this was true there would have been no war in Europe... Taking food is as dirty an act as answering the call of nature. The only difference is that after answering call of nature we get peace while after eating food we get discomfort. Just as we perform the act of answering the call of nature in seclusion so also the act of taking food must also be done in seclusion.
"6. In India children of brothers do not intermarry. Do they cease to love because they do not intermarry ? Among the Vaishnavas many women are so orthodox that they will not eat with the members of the family nor will they drink water from a common water pot. Have they no love ? The Caste system cannot be said to be bad because it does not allow inter-dining or intermarriage between different Castes."
"7. Caste is another name for control. Caste puts a limit on enjoyment. Caste does not allow a person to transgress caste limits in pursuit of his enjoyment. That is the meaning of such caste restrictions as interdining and intermarriage.
"8. To destroy caste system and adopt Western European social system means that Hindus must give up the principle of hereditary occupation which is the soul of the caste system. Hereditary principle is an eternal principle. To change it is to create disorder. I have no use for a Brahmin if I cannot call him a Brahmin for my life. It will be a chaos if every day a Brahmin is to be changed into a Shudra and a Snudra is to be changed into a Brahmin.
"9. The caste system is & natural order of society. In India it has been given a religious coating. Other countries not having understood the utility of the Caste System it existed only in a loose condition and consequently those countries have not derived from Caste system the same degree of advantage which India has derived.
These being my views I am opposed to all those who are out to destroy the Caste System
甘地支持四姓制度,他提出以下理想中的Varna:
"1. I believe that the divisions into Varna is based on birth.
"2. There is nothing in the Varna system which stands in the way of the Shudra acquiring learning or studying military art of offence or defence. Contra it is open to a Kshatriya to serve. The Varna system is no bar to him. What the Vavna system enjoins is that a Shudra will not make learning a way of earning a living. Nor will a Kshatriya adopt service as a way of earning a living. [Similarly a Brahmin may learn the art of war or trade.. But he must not make them a way of earning his living. Contra a Vaishya may acquire learning or may cultivate the art of war. But he must not make them a way of earning his living.
"3. The varna system is connected with the way of earning a living. There is no harm if a person belonging to one varna acquires the knowledge or science and art specialised in by persons belonging to other varnas. But as far as the way of earning his living is concerned he must follow the occupation of the varna to which he belongs which means he must follow the hereditary profession of his forefathers.
"4. The object of the varna system is to prevent competition and class struggle and class war. I believe in the varna system because it fixes the duties and occupations of persons,
"5. Varna means the determination of a man's occupation before he is born.
"6. In the Varna system no man has any liberty to choose his occupation. His occupation is determined for him by heredity."
1. 甘地和安贝卡都是反对贱民制度,为了显示人人平等的精神,甘地和贱民一起同住。不过甘地认为应该保留四姓制度。他认为早期的阶级制度是和种族,肤色没有关系,是由职业来决定。就像现代上层,中层和下层社会是由职业决定,而不是肤色。他所指的应该就是古印度的Jati制度。安贝卡博士认为不打破四姓制度,就无法实践平等的社会,无法打破贱民制度。关心贱民,两人的出发点是一样,只是下药的处方不一样。
2. 1921年,甘地曾在一份学报(NavaJivan), 说过以下一段话 (注一)
-印度社会不能没有种姓制度,世界各国都有种姓原则
-禁止种姓间进餐和通婚有某些价值
-我不主张取消种姓制度的运动
3. 面对英国殖民地,甘地以为先优先解决政治课题,社会课题延后;相反的,安贝卡更关心的是社会课题。 甘地单纯的相信贱民课题可以通过改革印度教而解决;安贝卡认为贱民课题不只是宗教问题,也是政治问题,而且安贝卡认为印度教根深蒂固的文化/教义难以改变印度人民的贱民观念,贱民唯有退出印度教,从其它宗教寻找归宿,这才是彻底解决的方法。对于希望通过印度教来团结印度人的甘地来讲,安贝卡这种做法,当然遭到以甘地为主的印度教大力反对。 以现今的印度贱民情况来看,无疑的,安贝卡是对的,四姓制度是一种魔咒,魔咒不除,平等思想无期。
4. 在安贝卡眼中,甘地关心贱民是有政治目的和虚伪的,纯粹是为了争取印度独立。他指出,1932年前,甘地是轻视贱民的,甘地曾经发出禁止贱民进入印度寺庙的言论;只有在1932 的圆桌会议(Poona Pact of September 24, 1932)过后,他对于贱民的政策才大大改变。
5. 其实对于印度现有的贱民制度,甘地多少是有责任的。1933,甘地自身曾经发动绝食运动(差点致死),主要是因为当时被英国授权起草宪法的安贝卡博士,指明要在宪法中注明贱民有权力选择自己的领袖。也就是固定议席保留给贱民,只有贱民有权力竞选/投票这个议席。甘地坚决反对,绝食抗议,导致大规模印度教徒暴动,成千上万的贱民成为暴动的受害者,如果甘地因此而死,情势必然更严重。在种种压力之下,安贝卡不得不和甘地妥协。后来安贝卡病重临死前透露,这是他这辈子最遗憾的决定,如果他可以从来,必然坚持到底,那怕万民尊重的甘地因此而死。
参老:
1. 谢勇,浅析印度近代化进程中的种姓制度观,历史研究,2005 3:25
2. Dayal, SamirConstructing nation as family: Gandhi, Ambedkar, and postnationality , Socialist Review, 1999
(注一) :
"1. I believe that if Hindu Society has been able to stand it is because it is founded on the caste system.
" 2. The seeds of Swaraj are to be found in the caste system. Different castes are like different sections of military division. Each division is working for the good of the whole.
"3. A community which can create the caste system must be said to possess unique power of organisation.
"4. Caste has a ready made means for spreading primary education. Every caste can take the responsibility for the education of the children of the Caste. Caste has a political basis. It can work as an electorate for a representative body. Caste can perform judicial functions by electing persons to act as judges to decide disputes among members of the same caste. With castes it is easy to raise a defence force by requiring each caste to raise a brigade.
"5. I believe that interdining or intermarriage are not necessary for promoting national unity. That dining together creates friendship is contrary to experience. If this was true there would have been no war in Europe... Taking food is as dirty an act as answering the call of nature. The only difference is that after answering call of nature we get peace while after eating food we get discomfort. Just as we perform the act of answering the call of nature in seclusion so also the act of taking food must also be done in seclusion.
"6. In India children of brothers do not intermarry. Do they cease to love because they do not intermarry ? Among the Vaishnavas many women are so orthodox that they will not eat with the members of the family nor will they drink water from a common water pot. Have they no love ? The Caste system cannot be said to be bad because it does not allow inter-dining or intermarriage between different Castes."
"7. Caste is another name for control. Caste puts a limit on enjoyment. Caste does not allow a person to transgress caste limits in pursuit of his enjoyment. That is the meaning of such caste restrictions as interdining and intermarriage.
"8. To destroy caste system and adopt Western European social system means that Hindus must give up the principle of hereditary occupation which is the soul of the caste system. Hereditary principle is an eternal principle. To change it is to create disorder. I have no use for a Brahmin if I cannot call him a Brahmin for my life. It will be a chaos if every day a Brahmin is to be changed into a Shudra and a Snudra is to be changed into a Brahmin.
"9. The caste system is & natural order of society. In India it has been given a religious coating. Other countries not having understood the utility of the Caste System it existed only in a loose condition and consequently those countries have not derived from Caste system the same degree of advantage which India has derived.
These being my views I am opposed to all those who are out to destroy the Caste System
甘地支持四姓制度,他提出以下理想中的Varna:
"1. I believe that the divisions into Varna is based on birth.
"2. There is nothing in the Varna system which stands in the way of the Shudra acquiring learning or studying military art of offence or defence. Contra it is open to a Kshatriya to serve. The Varna system is no bar to him. What the Vavna system enjoins is that a Shudra will not make learning a way of earning a living. Nor will a Kshatriya adopt service as a way of earning a living. [Similarly a Brahmin may learn the art of war or trade.. But he must not make them a way of earning his living. Contra a Vaishya may acquire learning or may cultivate the art of war. But he must not make them a way of earning his living.
"3. The varna system is connected with the way of earning a living. There is no harm if a person belonging to one varna acquires the knowledge or science and art specialised in by persons belonging to other varnas. But as far as the way of earning his living is concerned he must follow the occupation of the varna to which he belongs which means he must follow the hereditary profession of his forefathers.
"4. The object of the varna system is to prevent competition and class struggle and class war. I believe in the varna system because it fixes the duties and occupations of persons,
"5. Varna means the determination of a man's occupation before he is born.
"6. In the Varna system no man has any liberty to choose his occupation. His occupation is determined for him by heredity."
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yuyawei
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我来顶帖的!这么好的帖这么少的读者,可惜!!
这几天细细的读这些帖,很棒!!
这几天细细的读这些帖,很棒!!
Sow a thought, reap an action;Sow an action, reap a habit;Sow a habit, reap a character;Sow a character, reap a destiny.