法情

这个学期，我们的读书会打算用心研读《苏菲的世界》，在网上搜索有关哲学的补充资料时无意间发现了哈佛大学教授Michael Sandel的公开课：Justice。





听课网址：
http://you.video.sina.com.cn/a/4289338- ... id=edu-148

课程官方网站及阅读材料下载：
http://www.justiceharvard.org/

Professor Michael Sandel





Michael Sandel is the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor of Government at Harvard, where he has taught political philosophy since 1980. His books include Democracy’s Discontent, Public Philosophy: Essays on Morality in Politics, The Case Against Perfection: Ethics in the Age of Genetic Engineering, and, most recently, Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do? His writings have been translated into eleven foreign languages and have appeared in The Atlantic, The New Republic, and the New York Times.

Sandel has lectured widely in North America, Europe, China, Japan, Korea, India, Australia, and New Zealand, on topics including democracy, liberalism, bioethics, globalization, and justice. He delivered the Tanner Lectures on Human Values at Oxford University, was a visiting professor at the Sorbonne, and in 2009 delivered the BBC’s Reith Lectures. From 2002-2005, Sandel served on the President’s Council on Bioethics. A member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Sandel received his doctorate from Oxford University, where he was a Rhodes Scholar.


2009 BBC REITH LECTURES

In 2009, Michael Sandel delivered the Reith Lectures of the BBC. Broadcast on BBC Radio 4, and on the BBC World Service, the Reith Lectures are considered the most prestigious public lectures in Britain. Sandel was the first Harvard faculty member to receive this honor since John Kenneth Galbraith in 1966. His four lectures, titled "A New Citizenship," address the prospect for a new politics of the common good.

Justice with Michael Sandel

背景介绍：


哈佛大学教授Michael Sandel获选为英国广播公司的Reith讲座担任2009年度主讲人。该讲座现已能够在网站在线收听。Reith讲座是英国享有盛名公开讲座，于5月及6月初在伦敦、牛津、纽卡斯尔及华盛顿特区举办，并录制实况录音在网络上播放。

Sandel是继1966年Kenneth Galbraith担任该讲座主讲人之后，接受这一荣誉的首位哈佛教学人员。他的讲座系列以“公民新身份”为题，探讨共同利益的新政前景。

Sandel讲座的题目包括“市场与道德”（于伦敦发表）、“政治中的道德”（于牛津发表）、“遗传学及道德”（于纽卡斯尔发表）及“共同利益的新政”（与华盛顿特区发表）。在伦敦唐宁街10号首相官邸，Sandel与政府顾问及部长们讨论了他的研究。“Reith Lectures由***提供赞助，是国家优秀的讲座系列，旨在深入探讨涉及世界面临的主要问题的思想及理论，”英国政要、哈佛肯尼迪学院选举政治方向公共服务专业名誉教授Shirley Williams说。“Michael Sandel之所以能够担任主讲人，是凭借着他对政治及宪法审议作出的杰出的、意义深远的重要贡献。”



课程内容介绍


这是关于道德与政治哲学的一个入门系列课程。课程共12部分，旨在引导观众一起评判性思考关于公正、平等、民主与公民权利的一些基本问题。每周，超过1000位学生来听哈佛教授兼作家迈克尔•桑德尔Michael Sandel的课，以拓展他们对于政治与道德哲学的认知理解，探究固有观念是与非。学生们同时还将接触过去一些伟大哲学家——亚里士多德、康德、密尔、洛克。然后，应用课程去分析复杂多变的现代问题：赞助性措施、同性婚姻、爱国主义、忠诚度等。

桑德尔在教学中通过一些假设或真实案例的描述，置学生于伦理两难困境中，然后要他们做出决定：“该如何做是好？”他鼓励学生站出来为自己的观点辩护，这通常激发生动而幽默的课堂辩论。桑德尔然后围绕伦理问题展开，更深层次地触及不同道德选择背后的假设。这种教学法通常会揭示道德推论的矛盾本质。

桑德尔的《正义》课:邀学生一起思想


二十多年前,迈克尔•桑德尔就在哈佛大学开设一门叫《正义》的政治哲学课。迄今为止,注册这门课的学生已经超过一万四千人。《正义》成为哈佛校史上学生最多的课程。去年,桑德尔的《正义》课被制成DVD正式出版。现在,去土豆、优酷等网站能看到十二堂课的完整视频。

桑德尔长得非常像我心目中的哈佛教授:衣着相当拘谨,神色略显腼腆,谢顶十分严重……但一站上讲台,立刻充满自信光芒四射,睿智、准确、有力、幽默。迷人、奔放的美国大一女生会在课堂上想象怎样扒掉他那身布鲁克兄弟西装……他的魅力和性感完全不同于好莱坞明星的风采,他展示的是思想的力量。他教授思想,这个思想不是名词,不是一大堆需要记忆的概念；这个思想是动词,他思想,他让学生一起思想。他的《正义》课,是十二小时头脑运动——最高级的头脑运动。

“让我们从一个故事讲起。”这是桑德尔第一堂课的第一句话。他为这门课程设计、搜集了几十个故事和案例。这些故事和案例绝不是噱头或花絮,而是激发学生思想的起点——请看他的故事如何展开:

假设你是一个有轨电车司机,你的电车以每小时六十英里的速度疾驶。忽然,你看到前面轨道上,有五位工人在工作。你想停下电车,但刹车坏了。你感到绝望,电车正在向五位工人撞去,他们必死无疑。就在这个时候,你发现轨道右边连接着另一根轨道,那根轨道的尽头,也有一位工人在工作。电车的刹车坏了,可是方向盘没有失灵。你可以把电车开上右边的轨道,前面轨道上的五位工人可以躲过一劫,但右边轨道上的那位工人却会被撞死。

第一个故事结束了。桑德尔问:现在我们怎么做才是对的?请大家举手,有多少人同意电车转向?有多少人不同意?课堂上大多数学生同意转向,为了挽救五个人的生命,值得一个人牺牲。少数派学生也发表了意见。

桑德尔接着讲了第二个故事。还是那辆刹车失灵的电车,不过这一次你不是司机,是个旁观者。你站在桥上看着桥下的电车撞向五位工人,无能为力。突然,你发觉身边还站着一个胖子,很胖,胖到如果他卡在轨道上, 电车就会停下,五名工人就会得救。当然他会被轧死。桑德尔问:请大家举手,多少人会把胖子推下桥去?多少人不会?这一次,大多数学生都不同意推人下桥。桑 德尔追问:转向和推人的原则,不都是“牺牲一人胜于牺牲五人”?为什么大多数学生前是而后非?我想听一听你们的想法。讨论更趋活跃。

故事还没完,桑德尔继续说,六个人在电车事故中受伤,都没死,紧急送医。其中五个 人是中度伤害,一个人重伤。你是医生,救活重伤号,要花一天的时间。重伤号救活了,其他五个人因为缺乏及时疗救而告不治。你也可以先照顾五个病人,那样重 伤号会死。作为医生,多少人会选择先救重伤号?多少人会选择先救五个人?多数学生的票投向五人。

那么,医生还会碰到另一个故事。你是医生,你有五个病人,他们都需要器官移植才能活下去。一个要心,一个要肺,一个要肾,一个要肝,一个要胰脏。医院里一个器官都没有。这时候一个健康的人来医院做体检,他正在打瞌睡。你可以悄悄地从他身上取走五个器官。他肯定会死,但你救了另外五个人。有人会这样做吗?

这是桑德尔第一堂课的四个故事。可以想象这四个故事激发的讨论和争辩。这时候,哲人准备登场。桑德尔说,这些故事和后来的讨论中,已经涉及一些重要的道德原则。有人对这些原则做过极为深入的思考和论证。比如边沁,比如康德。几百年前的哲学家于是走进课堂,不戴教师爷的面具,只是以讨论者的身份,和同学们一起激荡思想。

这是真正的思想课、哲学课、智慧课。似乎遥远空洞的政治哲学就在人们身边,一点都不乏味。人们随时都有可能面对电车刹车失灵,需要选择,需要判断,选择和判断需要哲学智慧。真正的哲学智慧并不是先哲的语录集成,而是你自己的慎思明辨。先哲只是你思想的同志或论敌,他们帮助你把问题想明白。作为一门思想课、智慧课的教授,桑德尔十二堂课内提出一系列问题,却没有给出一个标准答案。生活没有标准答案,只有你自己的答案。哲学让你获得思想能力,让你自己的答案饱含智慧。


（ 2010-04-23 10:38:32 ）稿件来源： 新华每日电讯11版
http://news.xinhuanet.com/mrdx/2010-04/ ... 409062.htm.

湖南高校学子追捧哈佛哲学课


近日，一段哈佛大学哲学的视频在网络上风传。“原来哲学课能讲得如此有趣又发人深思，原来哲学是如此深沉又与生活紧密相关。”不少湖南高校学子在观看后纷纷表示，现在还认为哲学意味着枯燥乏味，那就真是过时了。

（略）

学生热捧

这堂课的提问好有挑战


点开优酷网，键入“哈佛大学”“哲学”的字样，你就可以看到哈佛大学历史上最大的一门课程——迈克•桑代尔教授开设的哲学课Justice(公正、公平)在线重现。一共有五课，视频播放的点击率高达近两万人次。

用湖南师范大学哲学系副主任万丹教授的话讲，迈克•桑代尔是位极具个人魅力的教授。他的讲课让视频前的你也忍不住跟着他的思路走。Justice是哈佛历史上最受学生喜爱的课程之一。近年来，每学期选该课的学生上千人。

同样的受欢迎程度也出现在湖南高校。“没想到哲学课能上得这样生动和富有挑战性。”湖南商学院的王敏同学告诉记者，每节课的视频播放时间在一个小时左右，她一口气将五节课都看完了，虽然看得不是特别懂，但对于功利主义理论、自由主义哲学等有了很新鲜的学习。

阳冬霞就读于长沙学院，她对于桑代尔教授的提问感触颇深。她说，如果自己站在那个胖子身旁，自己是第三方，可能会任由电车冲向轨道终点撞死五人。也不愿意自己变成第一方，动手杀死一个而去挽救五人的性命，这在自己的道德观念上是不允许的。从这堂课中，自己 也深深地理解了教授所说的“我们的道德推理背后的假设往往是矛盾的，而什么是正确什么是错的问题，并不总是黑白分明的”。

“例举的例子都太残忍了，却让人深深地思索，假如有一天自己遇到这种情况，桑代尔教授所讲述的理论，就是 自己未来行动的结果。《同类自残案》中失事的船员杀死同类维持生命的故事，其实我们在报道中看到过。我们也常能遇到这样的情况，在一个小集体中，为了绝大 多数人的利益，是不是要牺牲某个人的利益，或者牺牲自己的道德或良心。”湖南师范大学的唐俊同学认为，对于理工科学生来说，视频学习的过程是一个不断清醒 又更为纠结的过程。



老师思考

我们的哲学课还有差距


“激情洋溢又紧扣实际，是充满智慧和学问的人文课堂。”记者在几所转载了这个视频的高校网络上看到，很多网友如此评价这堂课。

但对于湖南为数不多的几所有哲学专业的高校老师来说，改进教学方式，提升老师素质，是哈佛公开课给他们带来的思考。

万丹在观看视频后表示，桑代尔教授讲述的“公平与正义”，本身就是关系到我们安身立命的一件大事，这门课之所如此之火，与其贴近生活不无关系。学校老师在讲课时也力争将高深的理论与实际生活相结合，以提升学生的学习兴趣。

“一种非常有启发意义的课堂教学方式，要推荐给所有老师学习。”湘潭大学哲学与历史文化学院院长、博士生 导师李佑新谈起观看哈佛课堂的感受。他认为，学哲学与学技术不同，前者是一门比较深奥的学科，培养的是学生的抽象思维能力，通常需要对已有规则的合理性进 行思考，这与培养学生一技之长的经管工科有很大不同。桑代尔教授设置的情境，有可能是学生们在生活中遇到的环境，这种教学帮助学生理解了抽象的哲学思想， 也能解决生活中遇到的实际问题。

（略）

http://cswb.changsha.cn/CSWB/20100318/C ... 125563.HTM

Justice (eBook): What's the Right Thing to Do?

http://www.waterstones.com/waterstonesw ... 9/7191698/



“Michael J. Sandel is one of this generation’s most important philosophers because he combines a relentlessly inquiring spirit with a profound commitment to the idea of a common good. Justice is Sandel at his finest: no matter what your views are, his delightful style will draw you in, and he’ll then force you to rethink your assumptions and challenge you to question accepted ways of thinking. But Sandel does not leave you marooned on an island of skepticism. He calls us to a better way of doing politics, and a more enriching way of living our lives.”—E. J. Dionne, Jr., author of Why Americans Hate Politics


“Michael J. Sandel, political philosopher and public intellectual, is a liberal, but not the annoying sort. His aim is not to boss people around but to bring them around to the pleasures of thinking clearly about large questions of social policy. Reading this lucid book is like taking his famous undergraduate course ‘Justice’ without the tiresome parts, such as term papers and exams.”—George F. Will


"For nearly 30 years, Harvard professor Michael Sandel has taught a course entitled 'Moral Reasoning 22,' nicknamed 'Justice,' to a packed auditorium of more than 1,000 undergraduates. This stimulating volume, prepared in conjunction with a PBS series airing this fall and available online succeeds admirably in translating to a wider audience the challenging moral dilemmas he and his students confront and will help thoughtful readers focus their thinking about what a just society might look like while sharpening the vocabulary they call upon to express their views. At its heart, Sandel's book offers a broad and, for the most part, readily comprehensible survey of some of the major theories of justice. He rejects the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham and its grounding of morality in the attempt to maximize the overall balance of pleasure over pain and is equally critical of the unbridled free market ideology of libertarianism. While more sympathetic to what he calls the 'liberal neutrality' of Immanuel Kant and his modern counterpart John Rawls, he likewise finds their ideas wanting. But Sandel is more than a tepid repackager of received philosophical wisdom. He subjects each of these theories to a probing critique and is a witty and graceful writer who understands he's addressing the intelligent general reader, not an academic audience. And it's that understanding that gives Justice its real zest. Sandel has richly seasoned his analysis with crisp treatments of an impressive array of contemporary social and political controversies: the familiar (abortion, stem cell research and the debate over same-sex marriage) and the obscure but no less thorny (whether a disabled professional golfer should be permitted to ride a cart or whether it would be appropriate to auction college admissions). In each instance he gently challenges us to question our conventional ways of thinking, relying on real (if occasionally bizarre) examples to push competing philosophical positions to their limits: If surrogate motherhood is O.K., why can't we simply buy babies? Is there a moral basis for limiting immigration or for laws that require government to 'Buy American?' Is consensual cannibalism acceptable? For Sandel, 'a politics emptied of substantive moral engagement makes for an impoverished civic life.' Instead, he advocates what he calls 'a new politics of common good,' one that 'takes moral and spiritual questions seriously, but brings them to bear on broad economic and civic concerns, not only on sex and abortion.' It's impossible to come away from this thoughtful book without feeling invigorated by the possibility of realizing that exalted vision, if only slightly daunted as to how it might be achieved."—Harvey Freedenberg, Shelf Awareness


"A Harvard law professor explores the meaning of justice and invites readers on a journey of moral and political reflection, 'to figure out what they think, and why.' Does a veteran suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder 'deserve' the Purple Heart? Should the U.S. government formally apologize and make reparations for slavery? Is it wrong to lie to a murderer? Following the taxpayer bailout of the company, are executives at insurance giant A.I.G. still entitled to their bonuses? Should a professional golfer afflicted with a severe circulatory condition be allowed to use a golf cart during tournaments? Are you obliged to surrender your criminal brother to the FBI? Although Sandel concedes that answering the many questions he poses, bound up 'with competing notions of honor and virtue, pride and recognition,' is never easy and inevitably contentious, it's necessary for a healthy democracy. 'Justice,' he writes, 'is inescapably judgmental.' Using three approaches to justice—maximizing welfare, respecting freedom and promoting virtue—the author asks readers to ponder the meaning of the good life, the purpose of politics, how laws should be constructed and how society should be organized. Using a compelling, entertaining mix of hypotheticals, news stories, episodes from history, pop-culture tidbits, literary examples, legal cases and teachings from the great philosophers—principally, Aristotle, Kant, Bentham, Mill and Rawls—Sandel takes on a variety of controversial issues—abortion, same-sex marriage, affirmative action—and forces us to confront our own assumptions, biases and lazy thought. The author has a talent for making the difficult—Kant's 'categorical imperative' or Rawls's 'difference principle'—readily comprehensible, and his relentless, though never oppressive, reason shines throughout the narrative. Sparkling commentary from the professor we all wish we had."—Kirkus Review


"Harvard government professor Sandel dazzles in this sweeping survey of hot topics—the recent government bailouts, the draft, surrogate pregnancies, same-sex marriage, immigration reform and reparations for slavery—that situates various sides in the debates in the context of timeless philosophical questions and movements. Sandel takes utilitarianism, Kant's categorical imperative and Rawls's theory of justice out of the classroom, dusts them off and reveals how crucial these theories have been in the construction of Western societies—and how they inform almost every issue at the center of our modern-day polis. The content is dense but elegantly presented, and Sandel has a rare gift for making complex issues comprehensible, even entertaining (see his sections entitled 'Shakespeare versus the Simpsons' and 'What Ethics Can Learn from Jack Benny and Miss Manners'), without compromising their gravity. With exegeses of Winnie the Pooh, transcripts of Bill Clinton's impeachment hearing and the works of almost every major political philosopher, Sandel reveals how even our most knee-jerk responses bespeak our personal conceptions of the rights and obligations of the individual and society at large. Erudite, conversational and deeply humane, this is truly transformative reading."—Publishers Weekly


http://us.macmillan.com/justice-2

“Semua Universiti terbaik dunia ada Jabatan Falsafah”

---PENSYARAH Kanan Universiti Teknologi Petronas (UTP), Prof. Dr. Ahmad Murad Merican


http://mstar.com.my/mingguan/cerita.asp ... r_mingguan.

本国某论坛的对话：


甲：本地大学有哲学系的吗？
乙：英 文 叫 什 么 ?
甲：philosophy吧!!
乙：哦 ， 好 像 没 有 酱 咯 ，外 国 就 有 啦。不 过 好 奇 下，读 了 出 来 是 要 作 么 叻 ?